The following illustrate
the ungrammaticality of first person singular, third
person and exclusive dual hortative respectively
:
104
*1
ai1
hayi2 kocuoko3
sho le shie4
let4
me1 drink4
some3 ricebeer
2
*2
pfo/pfokrehrü1
hayi2 kocuoko3
sho le shie4
let4
him/Pfokrehrü1
drink4
some3 ricebeer2
*3
alemo
ahi)1
hayi2 kocuoko3
sho le shie4
let4
Alemo and me (first person excl. du.)1
drink4
some3 ricebeer
2
*4.
kaikho1
e2 ahi3
hayi 4
kocuoko5
sho le shie6
let6
Kaikho1
and2 us
(incl. du.)3
drink6
some5 ricebeer4
3.4.6.9.
The Mood Definiteness
The
mood of Definiteness, marked by -i
and -li indicates that the speaker is sure
about the action taking place. -li expresses greater
assurance, and, significantly, unlike the former,
does not occur in the negative.
105.
1.
pfo-hi1
thi-i2
le3
he1
will3 surely2
die2
2.
pfo-hi1
thi-li 2
le3
he1
will3 surely2
die2
1a.
pfo-hi1
thi-i2
le3 moe4
he1
will3 surely2
not4 die2
*2a.
pfo-hi1
thi-li2
le3 moe4
he1
will3 surely2
not4 die2
3a.
ai1
to-ie2
I1
surely ate2
b.
ai1
to2 mo3
-ie2
I1
surely did2
not3 eat2
4a.
a1
zhu2 ashuli-ie3
my1
name2 is
surely Ashuli3
b.
a1
zhu2 ashuli3
mo4
-ie5
my1
name2 surely
is5 not4
Ashuli3
5a.
oro1
zhü-i2
le3
(the) crops1
will3 surely
be good 2
b.
oro1
zhü-i2
le3 moe4
(the)
crops1
surely will3
not4 be
good 2
6a.
pfo1
khi vu-i1
le3
he1
will3 surely
come back2
*b.
pfo
khi vu-li2
le3 moe
he1
will3 surely
not4 come
back2
7a.
omi
ami-li1
le2
it1
will2 surely
land-slide1
*b
omi ami-li1
le2 moe
3
it surely1
will2 not3
land-slide1
8a.
ata1
odo2 hu-li3
le4
we (excl. prn.
& excl. pl.)1
surely will
dig3
(a) paddy field2
*b.
ata1
odo2 hu-li3
le4 moe5
we (excl. prn.
& excl. pl.)1
surely will4
The markers
are mutually exclusive with some verbs
106.
1.
propa-hi1
ari ho-i2
le3
the flower1
will3 surely
fade away2
*1a.
propa-hi
ari ho-li le
2.
ocü
rü-li1
le2 it1
will2
surely rain1
*2
ocü
rü-i
te8
The mood of Definiteness
marked by -i
is not to be confused with the mood of temporal (condition
?) concomitance which is also marked by -i.
Unlike the mood of definiteness marked by -i,
the mood of temporal (Conditional ?) Concomitance
has no negative, as the following examples show :
107
1a.
ai
caka nohiu-i
le
I
will be marrying next year
1b.
ai1
caka2 nohiu-i3
le4 moe5
I1
will4 not5
be marrying3
next year2
2a.
isember1
khro-na-hi2
sanni3
vu-i4
le5
Sunny3
will be5
coming4
in the (current) month of2
December1
*2b.
isember1
khro-na-hi2
sanni3
vu-i4
le5 moe6
Sunny1
will5 not6
be coming4
in the (current) month of2
December1
3a.
pfo1
ozhi-i2
le3
she1
will3 be
sleeping2
*b.
pfo1
ozhi-i2
le3 moe4
she1
will3 not4
be sleeping 2
4a.
sodu1
ocü rü-i2
le3
it2
will3 be
raining2
tomorrow1
*4a.
sodu1
ocü rü-i2
le3 moe4
it2
will3 not2
be raining2
tomorrow1
8.
ocü rü-i
le means ‘it will be raining’ when the speaker
has some evidence to underpin his assertion with.
It does not mean ‘it will surely rain.’
oko3
sho le shie4
i
and -li indicates that the speaker is sure
about the action taking place. -li expresses greater
assurance, and, significantly, unlike the former,
does not occur in the negative.
isember1
khro-na-hi2
sanni3
vu-
