| |
{
osa } |
|
|
e. |
ata1
{
} |
dzü-e2
|
| |
{
*ata(müi)sa } |
|
| |
|
|
| |
we
(excl. prn. & excl. pl.)1
are |
short2
|
| |
|
|
| |
{
osa } |
|
|
f. |
nita1
{
} |
dzü-e2 |
| |
{*nita(müi)
sa } |
|
| |
|
|
| |
you
(excl. pl.)1
are short2
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
{
osa } |
|
|
g. |
nikhrumüi1
{
} |
dzü-e2
|
| |
{
*ni(khrumüi)} |
|
| |
|
|
| |
you
(incl. pl.)1
are short2
|
|
|
Mao Naga, however, is a non-pronominalizing
Tibeto-Burman language. The restricted set of verbs that is marked
pronominally is so marked as a matter of syntactic agreement; there is no
incorporation of the pronoun as a word-forming strategy. An incorporated
pronoun, as in some Tibeto-Himalayan languages and kuki-chin languages, is
not a ‘copy’ or a ‘reflex’ of what is already there, but a primary
linguistic object. |
3.4.2.
|
Valency-Role Markers |
Valency-Role
Markers mark at the same time the valency (the number of
players) of the verb to whose root they are suffixed and
the roles of players. Phrased differently, they mark the
semantics of the verb in terms of its relationship with
the other constituents of the sentence. Mao Naga has four
such markers: lo, an suffix, pi, a semantically
bleached lexical verb meaning ‘to give’, o- an
being formal and uncommon pi and -o mark
the same role, have the same meaning. -o obligatory,
but optional and redundant, pi is obligatory when it is
redundant and optional when it is not, and  i
is obligatory but redundant. The markers would be redundant
in the sense that the nominal constituents of the sentence
have the role that they do does not depend on the formal
presence of the marker. Thus, in the following sentence,
even without the verbal suffix -lo which marks
the recipient role of the subject, the subject would still
be the recipient.
|
|
15. |
ai1
kheto2 to-lo-e3
|
‘I1 ate3
rice 2 |
|
(1)
|
-lo denotes
that the verb is two-participant and transitive, and that
the (referent of the) subject of the verb |
takes
an entity (expressed by the direct object) into itself,
it possession, jurisdiction, presumably for its own benefaction.
|
|
16 |
a. |
alemo1
avu-lo- i-e2
|
| |
|
Alemo1
took his meal2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
b. |
hreni1
hayi2 sho-lo-e3
|
| |
|
Hreni1
drank3 rice beer2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
c. |
a1
na-no2 nazhi3
kali4 hrü-lo-e5
|
| |
|
my1
son2 bought5
a4 shirt3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
d. |
pfo1
na nieo-no2
izho3 praiz4
kali5 ni-lo-e6
|
| |
|
his1
son2 got6
a5 prize4
today3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
e. |
pfo-hi1
nana-yi2 pfo-lo-i-e
3 |
| |
|
she1
took3 the child2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
f. |
a1
kasamüi-no2 angaami3
na4 kali
5 ciku/koku-lo-i-e6
|
| |
|
my1
friend2 adopted6
an5 Angami3
child4 |
| |
|
|
|
|
g. |
kolamüi-no1
imela2 modo-lo-i-e3
|
| |
|
(the) plainsmant1
learnt3 Mao2
|
| |
|
|
|
|
h. |
a1
pfo-no2 cokibu3
caca4 hrü-lo-e5
|
| |
|
my1
father 2 bought5
eight4 chairs3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
i. |
lokho1
opa2 kali3
hra-lo-e4 |
| |
|
Lokho1
plucked4 a3
flower2 |
| |
|
|
|
|
j. |
pfo-no
1 a2
heno3 kasha4
cope-lo-e5
|
| |
|
he1
borrowed5 money4
from3 me2
|
|
(2) a.
|
pi ‘to give’ in its new nonlexical role as a valiancy-role
marker of another verb is a vector verb. Following as it
does the main verb, it indicates non-redundantly that the
verb is two-participant (not necessarily transitive) and
that the (referent of the) subject is the transmitter rather
than the receiver and performs the action depicted by the
verb for someone other than himself or other than the speaker
in the case of imperatives. b. -o also means the
same as pi, but -o is restricted in use.
|
|
17. |
a. |
ni1
larübvü2 pi3-o4
-da5 |
| |
|
give3
your1 book2
to someone other than me (the speaker)4
o.k. ?5 |
| |
|
|
|
|
b. |
jisü1
ikhrumüi-(yi)2
duno3 thi4
-o-i-e
4 |
| |
|
Jesus1
died4 for
3, 5 us(incl. prn.
& incl. pl.)2
|
|
