| ? |
a-zhü saba |
‘mine shawl’ |
| |
|
|
| ? |
ni-zhü larübvü |
‘yours book’ |
| |
|
|
| ? |
pfo-zhü lokha |
‘his bag’ |
| |
|
|
| ? |
ata-zhü okhro |
‘ours (excl.
prn. & excl. pl.) dao’ |
| |
|
|
| ? |
nita-zhü pen |
‘yours (excl.
pl.) pen’ |
|
|
are possible features of baby talk, but it must
nonetheless be stressed that Mao Naga allows -zhü = marked possessive
genitives to function as determiners in a way English, for instance, does
not.
|
Finally, nominalised possessive genitives are
anaphoric islands i.e., they can not function as anaphors referring either
forwards or backwards to antecedents.
|
|
541 |
.*1. |
a-zhü1
ni2 fu3
majü4 kaxie5
|
| |
|
mine1
is4 twice5
the size4 of
your2 plot of
land 3 |
| |
|
|
|
|
*2. |
ni1
fü2 a-zhü3
majü4 kaxie5
|
| |
|
your1
plot of land2
is4 twice5
the size of 4
mine 3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
*3. |
kaikho1
cümüi2 ni-zhü3
dzüno4 onga zhüe5
|
| |
|
Kaikho’s1
wife2 is more
comely5 than4
yours3 |
| |
|
|
|
|
*4. |
ni-zhü1
kaikho2 cümüi3
dzüno4
onga zhüe5 |
| |
|
your’s1
is more beautiful5
than4 Kaikho’s2
wife3 |
|
Either the nouns must be fully specified or both
the NP’s should be nominalized genitives :
|
|
1a. |
a1
fü2 ni3
fü4 majü5
kaxie6 |
| |
my1
plot of land2
is5 twice6
the size of 5
your3 plot
of land4 |
| |
|
|
2a. |
ni1
fü2 a3
fü4 majü5
kaxie6 |
| |
your1
plot of land 2
is5 twice6
the size of 5 my3
lot4 |
| |
|
|
3a. |
kaikho1
cümüi2 ni3
cümüi4 dzüno5
onga zhüe6 |
| |
Kaikho’s1
wife2 is more
comely6 than5
your3
wife4 |
| |
|
|
4a. |
ni1
cümüi2 kaikho3
cümüi4 dzüno5
onga zhüe6 |
| |
your1
wife2 is more
comely6 than5
Kaikho’s3 wife4
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
OR |
| |
|
|
1b. |
a-zhü ni-zhü
majü kaxie |
| |
|
|
2b. |
ni-zhü a-zhü
majü kaxie |
| |
|
|
3b. |
a-zhü nizhü
onga zhüe |
| |
|
|
4b. |
ni-zhü a-zhü
onga zhüe |
|
3.3.7.13.
|
Other Postpositions |
Other postpositions can be
divided into (a) those that do not require case markers and (b) those that
do. There are no lexicalisations for the concepts expressed by such English
words as ‘across’ opposite ; against’ and ‘despite ; inspite of’.
|
542.a.
|
Postpositions that
do not require case markers. Typically these are nonlocational in meaning ; and
have no autonomous versions.
|
| (i)kojü
no |
‘except’ |
| |
|
| |
kaisü1
kojü-no2 omüi
kali-ko so-loshüe3
|
| |
‘nobody can do3
(this) except2
Kaisü1 |
| |
ora theni / san·e1
kojü-no2 kakrücü3
ovo so-we4 |
|
(we/they...) work4
at all times3
except2 Sundays1
|
| |
ni1
kojü-no2 ai3
omüi kali-ko4
sü moe4 |
| |
excepting2
you1 I3
do not know5
any one4 |
| |
|
| kheto
kojü-no |
‘except rice’ |
| |
|
| ata
kojü-no |
‘except us (excl.
prn. & excl. pl.)’ |
| |
|
| imeli kojü-no |
‘except Mao’ |
| |
|
| kaikho kojü-no |
‘except
Kaikho’ |
| |
|
| (ii) vano/duno
|
‘because of ’ |
| |
|
| vano
and duno are used interchangeably
although duno signals the cause of a
positive result and vano that of a negative
result. |
| |
|
| {
vano } |
|
| pfo
{
} |
‘because of
him’ |
| {
duno } |
|
| |
|
| {
vano } |
|
| ocü kashü {
} |
‘because of
bad weather’ |
| {
duno } |
|
| |
|
| {
vano } |
|
| ocü korü
{
} |
‘because of raining’ |
| {
duno } |
|
| |
|
| {
vano } |
|
| ni
vukoru{
} |
‘because of
your coming (fut.)’ |
| {
duno }
|
|
|
