| 339 |
korü |
‘river’ |
| |
korü-na-sü |
|
| |
korü-hĩ-sü |
|
| |
|
|
| |
{
khru } |
|
| |
korü-
{ } -sü |
|
| |
{
ta } |
|
| |
|
|
| 340 |
ojü pfoki |
‘mountain’ |
| |
ojü pfoki-na-sü |
|
| |
ojü
pfoki-hĩ-sü |
|
| |
|
|
| |
{
khru } |
|
| |
ojü
pfoki- { } -sü |
|
| |
{
ta } |
|
| |
|
|
| 341. |
tukrü |
‘cow’ |
| |
tukrü-na-sü |
|
| |
tukrü-hĩ-sü |
|
| |
|
|
| |
{
khru } |
|
| |
tukrü-
{ } -sü |
|
| |
{
ta } |
|
| |
|
|
| 342 |
ovo |
‘pig’ |
| |
ovo-na-sü |
|
| |
ovo-hĩ-sü |
|
| |
|
|
| |
{
khru } |
|
| |
ovo-
{ } -sü |
|
| |
{
ta } |
|
| |
|
|
| 343 |
zeil
sing-sü1 a hie2
-koe |
‘who2
[is] Zail Singh ?1
|
|
where the speaker does not know who Zail Singh is, but has
only heard the name broached somewhere.
|
| 344 |
mahibo
-sü1 ai3
sü-we2 |
|
|
|
I 3 know4
Mathibo1 vaguely2
|
|
|
|
[ = I have indistinct memories about Mathibo]’ |
|
| |
| 345
|
ahikho-sü
ni-yi larübvü-i
pi ho moe |
|
|
|
‘did Athikho give you the
book or not ?’ |
|
where -sü indicates the uncertainty, vagueness
that the speaker feels about the person who performed the
action of the sentence ; the speaker is guessing.
|
|
-hi is pragmatically anaphoric in that it refers back to
no phonic antecedent ; it refers directly to [nonlinguistic]
referents defined with [spatial] reference to the speaker.
- i
is pragmatically anaphoric too but not spatially diectic.
The nonlinguistic referent that it signals if defined
with reference to the preknowledge of the interlocutors.
It can occur in the opening sentence of a discourse/dialogue
setting. -sü could be anaphoric either linguistically
or pragmatically, i.e., the NP to which -sü attaches
may have a linguistic or pragmatic antecedent. The individuators
can be added to proper nouns and pronouns.
|
| 346
|
a. |
ashuli-hi
|
Ashuli who [a] is
visibly present or |
| |
|
|
[b] nonvisibly present
or present hereabouts. |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
ashuli-i
|
Ashuli who is not
visible/demonstrable but whom |
| |
|
|
both the interlocutors
have at least seen and typically know further
about |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
c. |
ashuli-su' |
Ashuli who is not
at the place of the speech |
| |
|
|
act and about whom
the speaker doesn’t know |
| |
|
|
anything but has only
heard or knows remarkably |
| |
|
|
little or has vague
memories having known him |
| |
|
|
long ago or who is
the object of the speaker’s |
| |
|
|
unsure guesses. |
|
Note that the explanatory relative clauses following the
proper noun, ashuli ‘Ashuli’ are descriptive rather
than restrictive and hence set off by commas.
|
| 347
|
a. |
pfo-hi |
‘he/she’ who is [a]
visibly present |
| |
|
|
or [b] hereabouts’ |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
b. |
pfo-i
|
‘he/she who is not
visible/demonstrable but |
| |
|
|
whom
both the interlocutors have atleast seen, |
| |
|
|
and typically know
further about’ |
|
16
|
Note that the deictic -i
can not be added to proper nouns. |
| *ashuli-i
|
‘Ashuli, who is near
the listener’ |
|
