or
to drop non-honorific hints especially while ventilating
anger. However, in some local dialects, in these days,
some borrowed Aryan words are reduplicated in this manner
to express stress. Given below are a few examples. |
Vowel
alteration
|
|
| /èt
òt/ |
‘stylist,
fashionable’ |
/è:l
 :l/ |
‘a
description of an expression of sufficiency or
excessiveness etc.’ |
/khítíe
khútíe/ |
‘this
way or that way’ |
| /tè:n
t:n/ |
‘a
description of an expression of strength, durability
etc.’ |
| /rè:n
rò:n/ |
‘sitting
perched and observing’ |
|
|
|
Syllable
alteration including a consonant |
| /cú
é: khá é:/ |
‘this
and/or that’ |
| /thíbùl
lúbùl/ |
‘flora’,
‘plants of trees’ |
| /lò:m
é: cú é:/ |
‘rejoice
or what, etc.’ |
|
|
|
These
and many other such reduplicated forms exist in Hmar
to describe the intensity or seriousness of actions,
states, conditions, appearance etc.
Type b: Partial reduplication of non-lexical items
This type of reduplication is restricted only to the
vowel alteration. Given below are a few examples: |
| /phè:r
phùor/ |
‘hapazard
action/attitude etc.’ |
| /phèr
phùr/ |
‘disorganised,
scattered etc.’ |
| /te:r
tuor/ |
‘emphatically
made sound’ |
| /dìr
dèr/ |
‘rickety,
unstable etc.’ |
| /zè:u
zùou/ |
‘mobile,
doing things haphazadly’ |
| /zè:l
zù:l/ |
‘slow
and lazy’ |
| /mèt
mùt/ |
‘big
and steady’ |
| /nè:l
nùol/ |
‘gaining
something’ |
| /hem
hum/ |
‘sound/be
successful (in a big way)’ |
| /rem
rum/ |
‘at
sixes and sevens’ |
| /le:u
luou/ |
‘collection
of water’, ‘body of water’ |
|
|
|
| 3.6.11.2 |
Reduplicated
forms prefixed/ propositioned |
|
The
compound words which are formed by prefixing or by propositioning
the reduplicated forms could be discussed under two
sub-typed as under.
Sub-type(a): Initial syllable repeated
Hmar forms few compounds by repeating the intial syllables
of the words just before the roots or base words7. This
is mainly done in respect of human names which calling
the persons concerned with affection. For example: |
| /kú:ì/ |
‘a
girl, by this name’ |
| /kú-kú:/ |
‘oh
Kungi, (my dear)!’ |
|
|
|
Sub-type
(b) : Second part of the word repeated |
In
this type of compound, partially reduplicated forms
in combination with another syllable before them are
used propositionally to the roots/base words. In such
partially reduplicated words, only the second part of
the first words is the reduplication of the second part
of the roots or base words and the first part is an
arbitrarily chosen syllable. In such compounds, the
second constituent is independently usable and meaningful.
Given below are a examples: |
| /sàktíe
thltíe/ |
‘east-west,
this way or that way’ |
| /cúha:i
kháhá:i/ |
‘those
and those people’ |
| /cúoà
khá:à/ |
‘like
this or that’ |
|
|
|
| 3.6.12 |
Semantic
Reduplication |
|
Sometimes
compounds formed by using two synonymous words. Such
compounds add a sense of plurality. emphasis, or in-
|
