The
reduplication of the pronouns adds a sense of plurality
to the nouns under reference or express some sense of
surity or certainty.
Adjectives
/kh:
tíe
tíe
khm/
‘whatever
direction’
/kh:
lá:i lá:i khm/
‘wherever
spot’
Adverbs
/zì
zì/
‘always’
/dìem
dìem/
‘equally
and evenly’
/dèm
dèm/
‘(water
flowing) gently’
/nùoi
nùoi/
‘disorderly’
/và
vá/
‘move
fast and far’
/vè
vé/
‘(it
is) hot and true hot’
/vu
vu/
‘(it
is) silent (and long silent)’
/tht
tht/
‘impatient’
/k
k/
‘unkindly’
/ìe
tìk tìk ám/
‘when
and when’
3.6.10.2
Complete
Reduplication of Non-lexical Items
Hmar
also forms quite a number of compounds by complete reduplication
of some non-lexical words. These again could be divided
into two types, i.e., (a) imitation of some natural
sounds and (b) expression of some feelings, conditions
or states. The second category of words has no use in
non-reduplicated form. Given below are a few examples
:
Type
A : Words formed by imitation of some natural sound
/tlek
tlek/
‘ticking
sound of a clock or a lizard etc’
/de
de/
‘sound
of ringing a bell (longer)’
/nuo
nuo/
‘sound
of ringing a bell (bigger)’
/leu
leu/
‘sound
(small) heard from a distance’
/zuk
zuk/
‘moving
about quickly (like that of an animal)’
/mur
mur/
‘many
people speaking at a time’
/dum
dum/
‘series
of explosive sound’
/s
s
bk
bk/
‘sound
of cicada insect’
Type
B: Reduplicated use of some words for expression of feeling,
emotions, state etc.
/zàt
sàr sár/
‘a
feeling of ants moving of skin’
/phú
dúp dùp/
‘palpitation
of heart beat’
/hná:r
kúr kùr/
‘snoring
sound’
/ìnbé
sér sèr/
‘whispering
to each other’
/ìnlàp
dàr dár/
‘trembling
terribly’
/ná
n:i
:i/
‘pain
of buring intensely’
3.6.11
Partially
Reduplicated words
Hmar
forms a number of compound words where the one component
is the partial reduplication of the other. Formally,
these could be divided into two categories (i) post
position category and (ii) prefix category. In the former
category the reduplication is restricted to the initial
syllables and they are prefixed to the base words.
3.6.11.1
Reduplicated
forms used postpositionally
From
the semantic point of view this category of words could
again be seen under two types (a) partial reduplication
of lexical items and (same of non-lexical items.
Type A : Parial reduplication of lexical items 6
In this type of reduplication, generally the first syllable
gets altered in the partially reduplicated forms that
follow. Hmar generally used this category of reduplication
to express derogatory remarks
m/
tíe
:
lá:i lá:i kh
t
th
k
