y
|
gero |
Us |
gera |
ko ũ
|
|
‘This
|
boy
|
is
|
better
|
than
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1 |
2 |
7 |
6 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c ngo
|
 |
|
|
|
|
that
|
boy’
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
sfi
|
 s€n
|
koũ
|
b o
|
|
|
‘Safi
|
is
|
older
|
than
|
Hussain’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1 |
5 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
8. Negative Sentences:
|
|
So far we have described the declarative simple sentences and the order
of words in them. And all the declarative sentences described above can be
negated with the help of negative particles such as /ní/
~ /ní/
/mdє/
~ /na/ which occur preceding the verb or verb phrase. With the occurrence
of the negative particles certain verbal forms do change. These changes
are :
|
|
(i)
|
In most of the verbal forms the present tense auxiliary or copula verb is
dropped optionally.
|
|
(ii)
|
Contingent verbal form used to denote present imperfect meaning when
negated by /ní/
or /ní/
changes to imperfect participle form.
|
|
(iii)
|
Future tense form for negative is different than used in declarative
sentences. (see 3.3.2) |
|
Examples:
|
|
Negative of copula sentences in which auxiliary is dropped optionally
would end with negative particle /ní/
or /ní/.
In case of the negative of some interrogative wh-type, the form takes
emphatic particle also when negated. e.g.
|
|
|
|
The present tense auxiliary following the aspect marker /- -/
and contingent form is dropped when the sentence is negated.
|
|
Decl.
|
Us
|
na
|
ya
|
lo€
|
|
|
‘He
|
wants
|
this’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1-2 |
4-5 |
3 |
|
| |
|
Neg.
|
Us
|
na
|
ya
|
ní
|
loti
|
|
‘He
|
does
|
not
|
want
|
this’
|
|
1 |
2
|
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1-2 |
4 |
|
5 |
3 |
|
| |
|
Decl.
|
m
|
km
|
kr o
|
|
|
‘I
|
have
|
|
go work’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
4 |
|
2-3 |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
Decl.
|
tE)
|
It
|
r o
|
|
|
‘You
|
have
|
to
|
remain
|
here’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
4 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
Neg.
|
tE)
|
It
|
ní
|
ro
|
|
‘You
|
don’t
|
have
|
to
|
remain
|
here’
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
3 |
|
|
4 |
2 |
|
| |
|
Decl.
|
mera
|
dũ
|
ja¸
|
w
|
|
‘I
|
can go’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1-2 |
3-4 |
|
| |
|
Neg.
|
mera
|
dũ
|
ja
|
ní
|
hoto
|
|
‘I
|
cannot go’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1-2 |
3-4-5 |
|
|
Future Negatives
|
|
Decl.
|
hũ
|
pke
|
aũgo
|
|
‘I
|
will come
|
tomorrow’
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
1 |
2
|
3 |
|
| |
|
Neg.
|
hũ
|
pke
|
ní
|
asũ
|
|
‘I
|
will
|
not
|
come
|
tomorrow
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
Imperative Negative Sentences
|
|
Imperative sentences are negated with /md€/
or /na/ particle.
|
i(
