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In Gojri the negatives are mainly of two types i.e. word-negative which
negates the words mean contrary to the positive meaning of the and the
other is the sentence negative which negates the whole sentence. Word
negatives can be prefixes such as {be-~b },
{n-}
{ -}
as found in /bezar/ ‘helpless’ /berob/ ‘insulting’ /bezt/
‘insulting/ /beòš/
‘senseless’ /bdwa/
‘curse’ /nmed/
‘without hope’ /nkmmo/
‘useless, idle’ /Ìlyo/
‘unlearnt’. There are also free forms such as /bF€r/
and /baj/ which negate the words in the sense of lacking after which these
occur as in /kItab bF€r/
or /kItab g€
bF€r/
‘without the book’ /gera bF€r/
‘without the boy’, /rplya
baj/ ‘without money’ etc.
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Now we shall deal those negatives which negate the whole sentence or
used in place of sentence as interjection /n ĩ/
‘No’ which is contrary to /hã/
‘yes’. These are {ni~ni},
/na/ and md€/
which, are described below.
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{ní}
negates the sentences with the copula verbs, imperfective, perfective
participles and future verb forms. Examples are :
|
|
mer€
|
ko €
|
kÚj |
ní
|
‘I
|
have
|
nothing
|
with
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2
|
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
ptthr
|
ní
|
rU ta
|
‘The
|
stones
|
do
|
not
|
slip’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hũ |
ní
|
jato
|
‘I
|
do
|
not
|
go’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
|
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
gero
|
ní
|
geyo
|
‘Boy
|
did
|
not
|
go’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
|
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
kUIyã
|
na |
ja o |
tho
|
‘The
|
ladies
|
had
|
to
|
go
|
but
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1-2 |
4 |
|
3 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
w r
|
gĩ
|
ní
|
they
|
did
|
not
|
go’
|
| 5 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
7 |
6 |
|
|
|
|
hũ
|
km
|
ní
|
krsũ
|
‘I
|
shall
|
not
|
work’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
2-4 |
|
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{nĩ}
occurs in free variation with {ní}
in the language, thus in all the above sentences {nĩ}
can also occur in place of {ní}
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{na} negates the contingent form in the subjunctive mood, imperative
verbal forms, conditional clauses when joined with other clauses and also
infinitive forms.
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Examples are :
|
|
hũ
|
na
|
jaũ
|
‘May
|
I
|
not
|
go’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
ku
|
na
|
mar
|
‘Don’t
|
tell
|
lie’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
jor
|
na
|
na
|
bol
|
‘Don’t
|
speak
|
loudly’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
1-2 |
|
|
|
|
je
|
hũ
|
na
|
b€sũ
|
d€
|
km
|
‘If
|
I
|
don’t
|
sit,
|
the
|
work
|
will
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
5 |
|
|
ní
|
hos€
|
|
|
|
|
not
|
be
|
done’
|
|
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
|
8
|
6 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
je
|
hũ
|
ro i
|
na
|
khato
|
de
|
‘If
|
I
|
had
|
not
|
eaten
|
bread
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
|
4 |
5 |
3 |
|
bl
|
r to
|
|
|
|
|
would
|
have
|
remained
|
well’
|
|
|
|
7
|
8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
hũ
|
kde
|
cngo |
jo
|
‘If
|
I
|
did
|
not
|
become
|
a
|
good’
|
|
1
|
2
|
3 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
|
5 |
6 |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
na
|
hoyo
|
d€
|
tũ |
kér
|
person
|
then
|
are
|
you
|
in
|
|
5
|
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
4 |
7 |
11 |
8 |
|
|
cngo
|
 |
|
|
|
any
|
way
|
good’
|
|
|
|
10
|
11 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
jban
|
na
|
smj
|
wr
|
‘Inspite
|
of
|
not
|
understand
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
4-5 |
|
2 |
3 |
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