2.
|
Object:
Mostly this is the case of the patient noun on which the effect of the
verb lies. It usually represents surface direct object and is marked by {na~ a}.
Postposition usually occurs after the animate nouns when the verb is
transitive and non perfective in the absence of indirect object in the
sentence.
|
|
A few examples are :
|
|
t m
|
Usna
|
marẽ
|
 |
|
‘You(pl.)
|
are
|
beating
|
him’
|
|
1
|
2 3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1 |
5 |
4 |
2-3 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
pkhrũ
|
na
|
pg €
|
|
|
‘He
|
catches
|
the
|
bird’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1 |
4-5 |
|
2-3 |
|
|
In case of the inanimate nouns functioning as object, case is denoted
by the direct form of the nominal.
|
|
For example :
|
| wo |
pĺt |
law€
|
lgo
|
wo
|
|
‘He
|
is
|
closing
|
the
|
door’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1 |
5 |
3-4 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
| gero |
mewo |
kpp€ |
|
|
‘The
|
boy
|
cuts
|
the
|
fruit’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
1 |
3-4 |
|
2 |
|
|
3.
|
Instrument : This is the case of means which is denoted by a nominal
form used for the completion of the action. At the surface level this case
is marked mostly by {na }
postposition occurring after the nouns. When there is instrument case then
there has to be object and agent case obligatorily however may be dropped
at the surface level. {d }
can occur freely with nouns of means {ma} is used with the verbs of motion
also denotes the instrument relationship. A few examples are :
|
|
m 
|
y
|
saγ
|
caku |
na |
kutryo
|
|
‘I
|
cut
|
this
|
vegetable
|
with
|
knife’
|
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
1 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
meri
|
wja
|
na
|
kò
|
tho
|
|
‘On
|
account
|
of
|
me
|
there
|
was
|
quarrel’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
|
2-3 |
|
1 |
|
5 |
4 |
|
|
nkr
|
gi
|
wja
|
dũ
|
tklif |
ho |
gi
|
|
‘There
|
was
|
the
|
trouble
|
because
|
of
|
the
|
servent’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
6-7 |
|
5 |
3-4
|
2 |
3 |
2 |
|
|
hm
|
g i
|
ma
|
aya
|
|
‘We
|
came
|
by
|
bus’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
|
4.
|
Experieencer : This case denotes experience relation of the nominals
with the psychological verbs as well as verbs of physical pains. This
relation is denoted by {na ~a
} postposition. A few examples are :
|
|
mInna
|
Is |
gl |
go |
pto
|
|
|
‘I
|
know
|
this
|
matter’
|
|
1-2
|
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
1-4 |
6-7 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
mera
|
khbba
|
pas
|
na
|
drd
|
|
|
‘I
|
have
|
pain
|
on
|
my
|
left
|
side’
|
| 1-2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
|
7 |
6 |
5 |
1-2 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
5.
|
Dative : This case denote the recipient of the result of the action
as well as purpose. It usually also represents the indirect object at
surface level in a ditransitive sentence. In the language it is marked by
{na ~
a},
{wast€},
{wr}
postpositions. A few examples are: |
|
wo
|
gribã
|
na
|
psa
|
d€
|
|
|
‘He
|
gives
|
money
|
to
|
the
|
poor’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
1 |
5-6 |
4 |
3 |
|
2 |
|
|
mInna
|
rpIyo’ |
mIl€
|
go
|
|
‘I
|
will
|
get
|
the
|
money
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
|
|
1 |
|
3 |
|
2 |
|
