Following are
the case relations found in Gojri and it will also be clear that various
postpositions ar used for a single case relation and vice versa.
|
|
1.Agentive : This is a primary case which denotes the performer of the
action and will always mark the grammatical subject. This case is
primarily marked by the postposition /n€~ €/
and also ergative pronominal forms. This agentive marking postposition
occurs in the transitive verbs when inflected for perfective participle
and also with infinitive forms and the verbal form agrees with
gender-number of the direct object. Examples :
|
|
Unnã
|
n€
|
y
|
k m
|
kIyo
|
‘They
|
(ag.)
|
did
|
this
|
work’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
|
| |
|
gera
|
n€
|
km
|
kIyo
|
‘The
|
boy
|
(ag.)
|
did
|
the
|
work’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
1 |
2 |
4 |
|
3 |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
Us
|
n€
|
ro i
|
ní
|
kha i
|
‘He/she
|
(ag.)
|
should
|
not
|
eat
|
chapati |
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4 |
5 |
1 |
2 |
|
4 |
5
|
3 |
|
| |
|
m
|
jao
|
tho
|
‘I
|
had
|
to
|
go’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
|
2 |
|
| |
|
hm
|
€
|
roţi
|
khadi
|
‘We
|
(ag.)
|
ate
|
bread/food’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
|
| |
|
tm
|
€
|
mewa
|
khada
|
‘You
|
(pl.ag.)
|
ate
|
fruits’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
|
|
{na~a}
is used in free variation along with (n€~€)
with infinitive verbal forms and in that case this postposition is also
used for agentive case. Examples are:
|
|
mInna
|
ja o
|
|
‘I
|
have
|
to
|
go’
|
| 1-2 |
3 |
4 |
1-2 |
4 |
|
3 |
|
| |
|
gera
|
na
|
km
|
kro
|
|
‘The
|
boy
|
has
|
to
|
do
|
the
|
work’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
1-2 |
5 |
|
4 |
|
3 |
|
|
{-dũ}
also marks agentive case in the passive constructions. Examples are :
|
|
tera
|
dũ
|
y
|
km
|
ní
|
hoto
|
‘This
|
work
|
is
|
not
|
done
|
by
|
you’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
3 |
4 |
|
5 |
6 |
2 |
1 |
|
| |
|
mera
|
dũ
|
roi
|
khadi
|
gi
|
‘The
|
chapati
|
was
|
eaten
|
by
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
|
3 |
|
4-5 |
2 |
1 |
|
| |
|
Us
|
dũ
|
ktab
|
p i
|
jy€
|
|
‘The
|
book
|
is
|
read
|
by
|
him’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
|
3 |
6 |
4-5 |
2 |
1 |
|
| |
|
Comitative : This is a subtype of agentive case denoting
accompaniment
of the agent in performing the action. This function is denoted by {na }
and {sng} postposition. Besides {har},
{harũ}
also denote the associative function. Examples are:
|
|
wo
|
mera
|
na
|
ayo
|
‘He
|
came
|
with
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
wo
|
mera
|
sng
|
geyo
|
‘He
|
went
|
with
|
me’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
| |
|
geri
|
gera
|
na
|
gi
|
‘Girl
|
went
|
with
|
the
|
boy’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
3 |
|
2 |
|
| |
|
y
|
gero
|
Us
|
gera
|
harũ
|
|
‘This
|
boy
|
is
|
like
|
that
|
boy’
|
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
|
| |
| wo |
snasIyã |
har |
ba |
rkkh€
|
|
‘He
|
keeps
|
hair
|
like
|
saints’
|
|
1
|
2 |
3 |
4
|
5 |
6 |
1 |
5-6 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
|
