The non-past progressive -a:l occurs in second and third persons.
The structures of the form is as this:
Root-progressive -PT.
ti
bi-a:l-e
‘you(sg.)
are going’
ci
bi-a:l-en
‘you
(pl.) are going’
tesabadi-a:l-en
‘they
are running’
The
morpheme -a:l occurs both in the simple non-past tense as well as
in the non-past progressive tense.
he
past progressive is -a:hua. The structure of the form is as this:
TRoot-progressive-(PT).
masa
silih-a:hua-s
‘I
was reading’
tisa
silih-a:hua
‘you
were reading’
sosa
silih-a:hua
‘he
was reading’
sasa
silih-a:hua
‘she
was reading’
In the past progressive, the pronominal termination is not marked
in the second and third person.
Habitual:
The
habitual marked by the morpheme haRisu.
masa mahebalepo
aRista
haRisu bedo
1
2
3
4
5
‘I used to take the buffalo for grazing’
1 4
5
2
3
masa a:ppo
sinidi dusta haRisu bedo
1
2 3
4
5
6
‘I used to take the horse to the river for washing’
1
5
6
2
3 4
2.3.4.Modal:
2.2.3.4.1. Imperative:
Imperative is used to make a request or give an order. It is formed
by adding -e to the verb.
va
aR-e
‘bring
water’
mesua
uth-e
‘stand
on the table’
ba:yoRa
e:th-e
‘call
your brother’
okbu
aR-e
‘bring
the book’
pho
khaR eR-e
‘keep
it down’
There are some verbs which do not take imperative suffix.
sukulRa
e
‘come
to school’
sukuluRa
bo
‘go
to school’
speRa:k
Ra:s
‘speak
a word’
tendi
olok
di
‘tell
them a story’
tasaRa
olok
di
‘tell
her a story’
The
negative imperative or the prohibitive which is formed by adding na-,
the negative marker before the verb.
uRku
na de
1
2 3
‘do
not tell lie’
3 2
3 1
myo
yaRi:R na uthe
1
2 3
4
‘do
not stand in front of me’
3
4
2
1
anu
na Ra:s
1
2
‘do
not speak loudly’
2
3 1
hekpo
na Ra:s
1
2 3
‘do
not say like this’
2
3 1
1
2.2.3.4.2. Desiderative (Permissive):
Desiderative verb is otherwise called ‘permissive’ which denotes ‘a
wish’ or ‘permission’. This kind of verb is non-past, though there
is no definite tense marker. This desiderative is formed by adding
-de with the verb.
If the verb is intransitive, then the subject is in the nominative
and if the verb is transitive, then the subject is in the accusative.
-s
h-a:ha-n-es
po
sinidi dusta haRisu bedo
a
uth-e
okbu
aR-e
