4.2.
|
Verb
|
4.2.1.
|
Verb Classification
|
Verb, in Bhumij, may be intransitive or
transitive or causative. The intransitie verbs do not take objects, whereas
transitive verbs take. The causative verbs also take objects as the
transitive verbs but the causative verbs indicate that someone is causing an
event or causing someone to perform an action directly or through an
intermediary agency. The causative verbs are derived by adding either the
prefix -a or the suffix -ic&i with
transitive verb or intransitive verb. The adding of the prefix -a in the
derivation of causative is found only in two verbs like jom ‘eat’ and nu?u
‘drink’.
|
4.2.1.1.
|
Intransitive verbs
|
hi?i |
‘to come’ |
| sen |
‘to go, to walk’ |
g i?
|
‘to die’ |
dhau
|
‘to run’ |
| giti |
‘to sleep’ |
|
4.2.1.2.
|
Transitive verbs
|
ir |
‘to reap’ |
| jom |
‘to eat’ |
| el |
‘to see’ |
| nu?u |
‘to drink’ |
| duraŋ
|
‘to sing’ |
| sa?p |
‘to catch’ |
| ra?a |
‘to call’ |
| idi |
‘to take’ |
| jogaw |
‘to look’ |
|
|
4.2.1.3.
|
Causative verbs
|
ajom |
‘to feed’ |
| anu? |
‘cause to drink’ |
lel-i i |
‘cause to see’ |
| sen-ii
|
‘cause to walk’ |
| jom-ii
|
cause to eat. allow others to eat’ |
| ha?t-ii |
‘cause to drive’ |
|
4.2.2.
|
Tense
|
The verb, in Bhumij, makes three tense diferences viz.,
past, present and future. Sometimes, there may be more than one tense marker
for a tense.
|
4.2.2.1.
|
Past tense
|
Bhumij has four markers for past
tense. They are jan,l,k and ked.
|
aiŋ |
h ake |
lel-k-i-a-iŋ } |
‘I saw a man’ |
| aiŋ |
hake
|
lel-k-i-a-iŋ } |
|
| a?e |
a?eke |
sa?p-k-i-a?e } |
‘He caught him’ |
| a?e |
a?ke |
sa?p-l-i-a?e } |
|
| ako |
baba |
ir-l-a-ko |
‘They reaped the paddy |
| aiŋ |
daru- |
a lel-l-a-iŋ
|
‘I saw atree’ |
|
The tense marker -ked alternates with the tense marker -l
as in
|
a?e |
darua |
ma? - ked-a-?e } |
‘He cut the tree |
| a?e |
darua
’ |
ma? - l-a?e } |
|
|
| a?e diri-ko-te |
a |
bai-l-a-?e } |
‘He built the house with stones’ |
| a?e diri-k-o-te |
a
|
bai-ked-a-?e } |
|
|
The tense marker -jan occurs with intransitive verbs.
|
1.jan |
|
| 1. soma |
seno-jan-a-?e |
| soma |
go-tense-cop-PT |
|
|
|
