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3. 

Social and cultural life


In Orissa, most of the Bhumij now are agricultural laborers. There are few land owners. A growing number of the Bhumij now gets educated and they work in the various departments of the Government.
 

Bhumij are not very much interested in telling stories. But they are very interested in music and dance. The readily come forward to sing songs with variou smusical instruments.
 

There is a dance and music school called Susun aka a in Mayurbhanj district. Their musical instruments include drum, flute, violin like string instrument, cymbols and many others. There are many kinds of drums, big and small. They are made of wood and mud. The wooden drum is called dhol and the mud drum is called dhumang.
   

Two alcoholic drinks called arki and illi are very common among the tribal communities in Orissa including Bhumij. Of these, illi is more common. Arki is prepared out of a flower available in the forest; illi is prepared out of rice.   


4.


Linguistic affinity
 


The Bhumij speakers of Orissa claim that Mundari and Bhumij speech are closely related. Since there is mutual intelligibility between these two and since they are socially accepted as dialects of the same languages, they may be considered as dialects. There are, however, many differences between them at the phnetic, phonological and grammatical levels. Some of the differences are given below:
   

1.  Phonetics and Phonology


1.1.


Vowels:


According to Cook (1965) Mundari has glottalized vowels and glottal stop. Whereas according to Sinha(1975), Mundari does not have glottalized vowels but it has glottal stop. Bhumij has no glottalized vowels but it has glottal stop. Bhumij has low back rounded vowels and : but these are not available in Mundari. Mundari has long vowels at the phonetic level whereas Bhumij has all the long volwels at the phonological levels. In addition to these, Bhumij has nasalized vowel phonemes (,ã,õ) whereas Mundari does not have nasalized vowels either at the phonetic level or at the phonological level.   
 

1.2


Bhumij has aspirated stops and affricates such as ph bh h h kh gh and čh jh which are not ofund in Mundari. Mundari has the glottal fricative /h/ which is not available in Bhumij.
 

 
Morphology 
 

2.1
 

Pronoun:
 
There are differences in the third person pronoun. Mundari has ae ‘he’ whereas Bhumij has a?e. The third person dual pronoun is akin in Mundari and in Bhumij akiŋ.
 

Mundari has three kinds of derivatives nouns whereas Bhumij has four kinds of derivatives nouns.
   

Mundari. The Nouns are derived by suffixing-ea? and infixing - n -and without any suffix. (Sinha : 1975)
   

1.

 her 

‘tosow’ her-ea?  ‘that which is sown’
jom   ‘toeat’  jom-ea? ‘eatable’

2.  

mara
ŋ

‘big’

ma-n-ara
ŋ

‘greatness’
jo? ‘to sweep’ No-n-o? ‘broomstick’


Bhumij
. The nouns are derived in Bhumij by prefixing the first syllable of the verb, suffixing - ni? or-ji?, tan-i? and-i.

 

 
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