3.
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Social and
cultural life
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In Orissa, most of the Bhumij now are agricultural laborers.
There are few land owners. A growing number of the Bhumij
now gets educated and they work in the various departments
of the Government.
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Bhumij are not very much interested in telling stories. But
they are very interested in music and dance. The readily
come forward to sing songs with variou smusical instruments.
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There is a dance and music school called Susun aka
a in Mayurbhanj district. Their musical instruments include
drum, flute, violin like string instrument, cymbols and many
others. There are many kinds of drums, big and small. They
are made of wood and mud. The wooden drum is called dhol and
the mud drum is called dhumang.
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Two alcoholic drinks called arki and illi are very common
among the tribal communities in Orissa including Bhumij. Of
these, illi is more common. Arki is prepared out of a flower
available in the forest; illi is prepared out of rice.
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4.
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Linguistic affinity
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The Bhumij speakers of Orissa claim that Mundari and Bhumij
speech are closely related. Since there is mutual
intelligibility between these two and since they are
socially accepted as dialects of the same languages, they
may be considered as dialects. There are, however, many
differences between them at the phnetic, phonological and
grammatical levels. Some of the differences are given below:
|
1. |
Phonetics and Phonology |
1.1.
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Vowels:
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According to Cook (1965) Mundari has glottalized
vowels and glottal stop. Whereas according to
Sinha(1975), Mundari does not have glottalized
vowels but it has glottal stop. Bhumij has no
glottalized vowels but it has glottal stop. Bhumij
has low back rounded vowels
and :
but these are not available in Mundari. Mundari
has long vowels at the phonetic level whereas
Bhumij has all the long volwels at the phonological
levels. In addition to these, Bhumij has nasalized
vowel phonemes (,ã,õ)
whereas Mundari does not have nasalized vowels
either at the phonetic level or at the phonological
level.
|
1.2
|
Bhumij has aspirated stops and affricates such
as ph bh
h
h kh
gh and čh
jh which are not ofund in Mundari. Mundari
has the glottal fricative /h/ which is not available in Bhumij.
|
2
|
Morphology
|
2.1
|
Pronoun:
|
There are differences in the third
person pronoun. Mundari has ae ‘he’ whereas Bhumij has a?e.
The third person dual pronoun is akin in Mundari and in Bhumij
akiŋ.
|
Mundari has three kinds of derivatives nouns whereas Bhumij
has four kinds of derivatives nouns.
|
Mundari. The Nouns are derived by suffixing-ea? and
infixing - n -and without any suffix. (Sinha : 1975)
|
1. |
her |
‘tosow’ |
her-ea? |
‘that which is sown’ |
|
jom |
‘toeat’ |
jom-ea? |
‘eatable’ |
|
2. |
maraŋ |
‘big’ |
ma-n-araŋ |
‘greatness’ |
|
jo? |
‘to sweep’ |
No-n-o? |
‘broomstick’ |
|
Bhumij. The nouns are derived in Bhumij
by prefixing the first syllable of the verb,
suffixing - ni? or-ji?, tan-i? and-i.
|