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Non-temporal sub-ordinators |
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(a)
Quotative : The quotatives are  d ,  d
and ts . d
is used in direct speech while d and ts
occur in indirect speech and as complementizers elsewhere. |
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(1) pu 1
" 2
v r3
ty 4"
d
(di )p s5 |
‘She1 said5,
"I2 will4 come3" |
| (2) pu1
vr
ty2 d/ts3
ps4
|
‘She1 said4
that3 (she)1
would come2’ |
(3) sli1
pris2
rg li 3 d/ts4
p5
|
‘It is said5 that4
Selie1 stole3
(the) money2’ |
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| When the
sentence is an equational sentence, the complementizer is
generally ts
and not d. |
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| (4) sli1
pris2
rgli3 ts4
kth5
‘(The) truth5 (is) that4
Selie1 stole3(the)
money2’ |
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| (b)
Conditional : The conditional sub-ordinator is -r,
already discussed under Verb Morphology. |
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n 1
vr2
ty3-r4 5
|
‘I5 will be waiting6
if4 you1 |
pfh
b ty6
|
(will)3 come2’ |
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(c)
pseudo-conditional : The pseudo-conditionals, also discussed
before, are ( i)
r in the present tense
and r in the past
tense. |
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t r1-r2 3
vr4
ty5
|
‘Even if2 it rains1,
I3 will5 come4’ |
| v
b m
z1
r2
v3
|
‘It is o.k.3 even if2
it is not good1’ |
| 1
pun
tsh b2-r3
|
‘Even though3 I1
was trying to |
pu4  5
vt 6
|
please2 (him), he4
beat6 me5’ |
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| (d)
Contingent : The contingent suffix, also already discussed under
Verb Morphology, is lr |
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n1
vr2-lr3
v4
s 5
|
‘It will6 be4
very5 good4 in
case3 |
| ty6
|
you1 come2’ |
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(e) Causal :
This denotes a reason for the propositional content expressed by
the main clause. This is marked by two sub-ordinators: kkrlm
is a free form and usually occurs in the clause-initial poistion.
whenever this is used, l
‘for or because’ is invariably added redundantly but
obligatorily to the nominalized form of the verb. Or the sub-ordinator
may just be l added to
the nominalized verb. |
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| (1) kkrlm1
pu2
v3
|
‘Because1 he2
is3 very4 good3
or |
| thr4-kts
l3
|
‘Because1 of (his)2
being3 very4
good3’ |
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| (2) trkt
l1 2
vr3
mt4
|
‘I1 did not4
come3 because of raining1’ |
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| (3) pu1
lsphr
km
l2
|
‘He1 failed3
because of not |
| pli
mt3
|
studying2’ |
|
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| (f)
Resultative : The Resultative denotes that the embedded clause
proposition is a result of the main clause proposition. The sub-ordinator
is sl
‘therefore; thus’ literally ‘for that’ occuring in the
clause-initial position. |
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| (1) tr1
sl2 3
vr4
m5
|
‘It rained1, that is
why2 or so I3
did not5 come4’ |
(2) . . . . . . . .sl1 2
 k3
|
‘ . . . . . . . . therefore1,
I2 request5 |
4
m imll5
|
you3 to do5
me4 a favour5’ |
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| (g)
Concessive: The concessive is denoted by sr/dr
‘even then’ |
|
1
pu2
mh3
ph4
m5
sr
/dr6 7
kspi8
b9 |
| lsphrli8 |
| ‘My1
father2 was not5
very4 rich3; even
than6 (he) helped8
me9 complete my studies8’ |
|
1
pu2
kss ir3
sr/dr4
pu5 6
rkr6
mt7 |
| ‘I1
brought3 him2 up3;
even then4 he5 has
forgotten7 me6’ |
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| (h) The
disjunctive sub-ordinators connect clauses which have opposite
or alternative meanings. They are m
lr
‘otherwise’ formed by adding lr
the contingency mood marker to the negative marker m,
kmoi
‘if not’ and dr/sr
‘but’ |
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| m
lr
‘otherwise; or else’ |
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pris1
khpi2 3
tsli2
m lr4 5
 6
pkhr7-t8
ty9 |
| ‘Give2
me3 (the) money1,
otherwise,4 I5 will9
shoot5 you6 dead7
(definitely)8’ |
| . . . . . .
.m lr1
hd2
tshli3 |
| ‘. . . . . .
.otherwise1 do3 like
this2’ |
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| kmi
is the negative conditional meaning ‘if not’. It may be
translated into English as ‘unless’ sometimes but not always. |
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| n1
vr2
kmi3 4
v5
lh6
|
‘Unless3 you1
come2, I4 will
not6 go5’ |
| pu1
md2
kmi3 4
pu5
li6
lh7
|
‘Unless3 she1
agrees2 or if3
she1 does not3
agree,2 |
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I4 will not7
marry6 her5’ |
|
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| kmi
is equivalent in Angami to the negative conditional mood as in
the following examples. |
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| tr1
kmi2
|
3
vr4
ty5 |
‘I3 will5
come4 if it doesn’t2
rain1’ |
| tr1
mr2
|
3
vr4
ty5 |
|
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| sr
/ dr
‘but’ |
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| lsd1
v2
sr3
dr
ch4
thr 5
‘The book1 is good2
but3 is4 too5
long4’ |
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|
______________ |
|
15Note that this sentence cannot be
translated into English with the subordinator ‘unless’ because
in English the main clause has to be negative whereas in Angami
it may be affirmative also. |
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| 1
vr2
sr/dr3
n4
b mt5
|
‘I1 came2
but3 you4 were
not there5’ |
| pu1
zv2
sr/dr3
pu chdz4
|
‘She1 is beautiful2
but3 short4’ |
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While there is no difference between sr
and dr
as subordinators they differ in so far as dr
in so far as dr
can connect two noun phrases, whereas sr
cannot function as an interphrasal connector. |
