| |
|
|
6.6.8 The
Definitive mood is marked by -t .
This often carries the concomitant meaning of the previous
existence of a different or opposite state of affairs from the
one identified by the verb as in the first two examples below. |
| |
 1
v r lh 2-t3
|
‘I1 will not come2
(definitely)3’ |
pu 1
h n 2
b
m3-t4
|
‘He1 is not3
here2 (definitely)4’ |
1
ny2
ci 3
w chty4
|
‘My1 son2
can5 walk4 now |
ly v 5-t6
|
(definitely)6’ |
| 1
v2-t3
ty4
|
‘I1 will4
go2 (definitely)3’ |
|
| |
| 6.6.9
The Inferetial denotes that the action identified by the verb is a
logical inference made by the speaker on the basis of some
evidence perceived by him and is marked by h.
Note that the marker follows the tense marker. |
| |
| pu1
vr2
ty3
h4
|
‘(I infer)4 he1
will3 come2’ |
| pu1
vr
t2
h3
|
‘(I infer)3 he1
has come2’ |
bg 1
tt2
h3
|
‘(I infer)3 the bus1
has left2’ |
 z 1
t r
s2
h3
|
‘(I infer)3 it has
rained2 last night1’ |
| thi1
tr2
ty3
h4
|
‘(I infer)4 it will3
rain2 today1’ |
|
| |
| A deduction
based on hearsay is marked by s |
| |
| pu1
vrt2
s3
|
‘(I learn or it seems)3
he1 has come2’ |
| tr1
s2
|
‘(I learn or it seems)2
it rained1’ |
|
| |
6.6.10
The
mood of Ease denotes that the Agent considers the action
identified by the verb easy to perform. It may also be called
the diminutive action mood. It is marked by s
added to the verb, which inveriably is a transitive verb. |
| |
| ml
|
‘to climb’ |
| mls
|
‘to climb (a small hill etc.)’ |
| pmh
|
‘ot extinguish’ |
| pmhs
|
‘to put out (a small fire)’ |
dkhr
|
‘to kill’ |
| dkhrs
|
‘to kill (eg. domestic animals)’ |
| tsh
|
‘to do’ |
| tshs
|
‘to do (something that is easy to do)’ |
|
| |
| 6.6.11
The
Exertive mood denotes that the action identified by the verb is
achieved with considerable effort and hence contrasts with the
mood of ease. It is marked by -li. |
| |
1
tkh 2
pu3
dkhrli4
|
‘I1 achieved the
killing4 of a3
tiger2’ |
 k1
thkri2
vpmhli3
|
‘They (pl.)1 achieved
the extinguishing3 of (a) jungle fire2’ |
| 1
h2
tshli3
|
‘I1 achieved doing3
this2’ |
|
| |
| Contrast |
| pu1
kho2
n3
vrli4
‘He1 came4 to 3
(the) meeting 2’ |
| (i.e he
could make it) |
| with |
| pu1
kho2
n3
vr4
‘He1 came4 to 3
the meeting 2’ |
|
(matter-of-fact) |
| |
6.6.12
The
Imperative mood expresses non-requests or commands on the one
hand and requests on the other with varying degrees of himility
and politeness. While thi( ),
s and
li
all express requestes, cie, lie an liecie express non-requests. |
| |
s
is the most humble and polite imperative marker-humble to the
point of servility. thi(i)
and lii mark
supplications in a descending order of humility and politeness. |
| |
| ci
or ci, li
or li and
lici
mark non-requests in an ascending order of command. lie is a
matter-of-fact, plain imperative, used rather frequently in the
language. At the other extreme of the continuum, lici
is order like, where immediate action is required or expected.
The English glosses given below are expected only to be
suggestive, no more. |
| |
| bs
|
‘please sit’ |
| bli
|
‘sit’ |
| blici
|
‘sit’ |
| vrthi(i)
|
‘Please do come’ |
| vrci
|
‘please come’ |
| vrci
|
‘come’ |
| vrlici
|
‘come’ |
| khrs
|
‘(please) buy’ |
| khrlith
|
‘(please) do buy’ |
| khrli
|
‘buy!’ |
| khrci
|
‘(please) buy’ |
| khrlici
|
‘buy!’ |
|
| |
| 6.6.13
The
mood of ability or capability is marked by lyv |
| |
| khr
lyv
|
‘can buy’ |
| dukhrwlyv
|
‘can kill’ |
| th
lyv
|
‘can write’ |
| chty
lyv
|
‘can walk’ |
|
