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| 2.6.4.
The Demonstrative Pronoun |
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The Demonstrative Pronominal system in Angami distinguishes
three kinds of spatial distance: (1) Speaker-proximate
demonstrative pronoun which refers to objects near the speaker.
(2) Listener-proximate demonstrative pronoun which refers to
objects away |
|
_______________ |
 Since tone is nto adequately marked in the script, the
First person incl. pl. and the Third person pl. (which are
distinguished solely by tone) are ambiguous in writing. The ‘Ura
Acadamy’, the native authority for devlopmental efforts in
Angami has suggested exclusive use of
 k
‘we’ and  k
‘they’ and leaving out
 k
‘we’ altogether in writing. |
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| from the
speaker but nearer the listener and (3) Remote demonstrative
pronoun which refers to objects far away both from the speaker
and the listener. The above three are used as deictic pronouns
and there is a non-deictic pronoun which is used for objects
which are not demostrable or visible. They may be marked for
gender, number or diminution. |
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The gender distinction for Demonstrative pronouns is slightly
different from that of substantives. The distinction is Human
feminine Vs human-feminine which includes human masculine and
non-human. Gender distinction is not usually made in the
diminutive and in the dual and plural numbers. |
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Demonstrative pronouns: |
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Speaker-proximate |
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Listener-proximate |
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Remote |
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| Human feminine |
lpf
|
(lpfni )
|
(lpfk) |
| Non human-feminine |
l
|
lni
|
lk |
| Diminutive |
ly |
lni y
|
lky |
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Non-deictic |
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| Human feminine |
s pf
|
(spfni)
|
(spfk) |
| Non human-feminine |
s
|
sni
|
sk |
| Dininutive |
sy
|
sniy
|
sky |
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An analysis of the above
paradigms will give us the following allomorphic statements : h
the speaker-proximate demonstrative pronoun becomes h-before
suffixes and remains h
elswhere. Similarly the listner proximate ts
becomes ts- before
suffixes and remains ts
elswhere and the Remote l
becomes l- before
suffixes and remains l
elsewhere. The same holds good for s
the non-deictic pronoun. |
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There is no morphological difference
between demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative noun
attributes. |
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Apart from the gender, number and
diminutive suffixes, various other suffixes may be added to
these demonstrative pronouns to form a productive variety of
demonstrative constructions, most of them being adverbial. |
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1. Dem. + locative case marker, n |
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| h
+ n
® hn
|
‘here’ |
| ts
+ n
® tsn
|
‘there’ |
| l + n
® ln
|
‘there’ |
| s
+ n
® sn
|
‘there’ |
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2. Dem. + source case marker, nn |
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| h
+ nn
® hnn
|
‘from here’ |
| ts
+ nn
® tsnn
|
‘from there’ |
| l
+ nn
® lnn
|
‘from there’ |
| s
+ nn
® snn
|
‘from there’ |
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3. Dem. + goal or allative case markers, k
and g |
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| h
+ k
® hk
|
‘(to) here’ |
| ts
+ k
® tsk
|
‘(to) there’ |
| l
+ k
® lk
|
‘(to) there’ |
| s
+ k
® sk
|
‘(to) there’ |
| h
+ g
® hg
|
‘(to) here’ |
| ts
+ g
® tsg
|
‘(to) there’ |
| l
+ g
® lg
|
‘(to) there’ |
| s
+ g
® sg
|
‘(to) there’ |
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4. Dem. + benefactive case marker, l |
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| h
+ l
® hl
|
‘that is why’ literally ‘for this’ |
| s
+ l
® sl |
‘therefore’ literally ‘for that’ |
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5. Dem. + direction marker, ts |
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| h
+ ts
® hts
|
‘towards here’ |
| ts
+ ts
® tsts
|
‘towards there’ |
| l
+ ts
® lts
|
‘towards there’ |
| s
+ ts
® sts
|
‘towards there’ |
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6. Dem. + quantificational suffix, d |
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| h
+ d
® hd
|
‘this much’ |
| ts
+ d
® tsd
|
‘that much’ |
| l
+ d
® ld
|
‘that much’ |
| s
+ d
® sd
|
‘that much’ |
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