The present perfective aspect is formed by suffixing the appellative verb with appropriate person-gender and number markers to the (a) past stem of the verbs in case of verbs taking -u as adverbial participle marker and (b) to the adverbial participle stem of the verb in case of verbs taking -i as the adverble participle marker.
naa-nd-u-PNG
>
naandu-PNG
‘has walked’
nane-nj-u-PNG
>
nanenju-PNG
‘has become wet'
ii-c-u-PNG
>
iicu-PNG
‘has hit’
naa-t-i-u-PNG
>
naatiu-PNG
‘has made to walk'
ke:-t-i-u-PNG
>
(R. 3, 5)
ke:iu-PNG
‘has listened’
na:nu u:indu a: u:ruku naandue
1 2 3 4 5
‘I have walked from here to that place’
1 5 2 3 4
ninga parenjanokka ave ke:iua
1 2 3 4
‘He has listened to what all you told’
3 4 1 2
(ii) Past
The past perfective aspect is formed by suffixing the auxiliary verb -iru ‘to be’ with appropriate person-gender and number markers (a) to the past stem of the verb in case of verbs taking -u as adverbial participle marker and (b) to the adverbial participle stem of the verb in case of verbs taking -i as the adverbial pariciple marker.