| 4.24 Clitics |
| Pike (1947:165) refers to these morphemes as ‘semi-free words’ and Nida (1948:103-4) mentions these suffixes as ‘bound forms’. Traditionally these bound forms are called ‘clitics’. Clitics are those which are bound and which do not take tense or case suffixes, but are capable of taking another clitic. In Urali, three major types of clitics are noticed. They are, |
| i) Pro-clitics, |
| ii) Post-clitics, and |
| iii) Enclitics |
| 4.24.1 Pro-clitics |
| Pro-clitics are those which can occur before another clitic or noun. Pro-clitics can be further subdivided into two classes, namely, |
| i) Demonstrative pro-clitics which include remote demonstrative pro-clitics and proximate pro-clitics, and |
| ii) Interrogative pro-clitics |
| 4.24.1.1 Demonstrative pro-clitics. |
| 4.24.1.1.1 Remote demonstrative pro-clitics. |
| {a-} |
| ~ a:-, ~ä, ~ a- |
| 4.24.1.1.1.1 ~a:- occurs before velar voiceless plosive -k |
a:-ka e |
> |
a:kae |
‘there’ |
| 4.24.1.1.1.2 ~ä-occurs before the nasal -n |
| ä-nne |
> |
änne |
‘that side’ |
| 4.24.1.1.1.3 ~ a- occurs elsewhere |
| a-tteni |
> |
atteni |
‘that many’ |
| a-dikke |
> |
adikke |
‘there’ |
| 4.24.1.1.2 Proximate demonstrative pro-clitics. |
| {i-} |
| ~ i:-, ~ i- |
| 4.24.1.1.2.1 ~i:- occurs before velar voiceless plosive -k |
| i:-kae |
> |
i:kae |
‘this many’ |
| i-dikke |
> |
idikke |
`here’ |
| i-nne |
> |
inne |
‘this side’ |
| 4.24.1.2 Interrogative pro-clitics. |
| {e-} |
| ~ e:-, ~ e- |
