(ii) Possessive and locative sentences.-
The possessive and locative sentences in Sema were defined
(vide 3.7.1.2.) as those sentences that have the structure
respectively of NP1 + NP2 + 1v and NP + Adv. + 1v; as in : |
| niye
anu lakhì anì |
`I
have a son’ |
niye
g kha lakhì
anì |
`I
have a rupee’ |
li
alulo anì |
`she
is in the field’ |
li
hile anì |
`she
is here’ etc. |
|
(iii)
(a) A simple sentence having the verb in the imperative mood
as in : |
pilò
`speak (imp.)’
cúlò `eat (imp.)’
wúlò `go (imp.)’ etc. |
(b)
A simple sentence having the verb in the potential or probability
modal. - The structure of a verb in these moods is : verb
root + modal + tense. The difference in between the two lies
in that while the potential mood shows a two way opposition
in tense, the probability mood has only a weakened future
tense marker, as in : |
| wúlu
nanì |
`can
go’ |
wúlue
|
`could
go’ |
asi
cúlu nanì |
`can
eat meat’ |
asi
cúlue |
`could
eat meat’ |
wúluwi |
`might
go’ |
asi
cúluwi |
`might
eat meat’ etc. |
|
(c)
A sentence having the verb in its obligatory mood, as in : |
| liye
mla kepusia |
`she
has to work’ |
liye
wú kepusia |
`she
has to go’ |
|
(d)
A sentence having the verb in different tenses and aspects,
as in : |
niye
z nani |
`I
am sleeping’ |
pano
ze |
`he
slept’ |
pano
zay |
`he
was sleeping’ |
liye
asi cúcey |
`she
used to eat meat’ etc. |
|
On
the basis of the information given above, it is possible to
make a statement regarding the system of negation in Sema. |
(i)
Equative sentences :- For negating the equative sentences,
the negative marker kumo `not’ is postposed
to the NP2, as in : |
Neg
+ izeye hatoli |
- |
izeye
hatoli kumo `my name is not Hatoli’ |
Neg
+ hiye akì lakhì |
- |
hiye
akì lakhì kumo `this is not a house |
Neg
+ hipawye ikì |
- |
`hipawye
ikì kumo `this is not my house’ |
Neg
+ li micemli |
- |
li
micemli kumo `she is not lean’ |
|
| The
negative marker kumo could also negate a demonstrative as in
: |
ti
`that’ |
tikumo
`no that’ |
Neg
+ tiye `that (specific)’ |
tiye
kumoe `not that one’ etc. |
|
(ii)
Locative and possessive sentences :- The negative marker k*ha
`is/has’ for negating possessive and locative sentences.
Since it substitutes the locative verb, leaving no other verb
in the sentences, köha might be called a negative verb.
The same negative marker is also used for negating a verb
in the obligatory mood, where it substitutes the auxilary
verb sia `do’ |
| Neg
+ niye anu lakhì anì |
- |
niye
anu lakhi kha
`I do not have a boy’ |
| Neg
+ niye gkha
lakhì anì |
- |
niye
gkha lakhì
kha `I do not
have a rupee’ |
| Neg
+ liye mla kepu sia |
- |
liye
mla kepu kha
`she doesn’t have to work’ |
| Neg
+ liye wúkepu sia |
- |
liye
wúkepu kha
`she doesn’t have to go’ etc. |
|
(iii)
(a) Simple sentence with the verb in the imperative. - The
negative imperative marker is kewi which is in free variation
with ke. The negative marker occurs between the verb root
and the imperative modal marker, as in : |
Neg
+ pilò |
- |
pikewilò
`don’t speak’ |
Neg
+ cúlò |
- |
cúkewilò
`don’t eat’ |
Neg
+ wúlò |
- |
wúkewilò
`dont go’ etc. |
|
