| in
lieu of /le/, to denote anterior future. The total aspect-cum-tenses
with their markers, then, may be enumerated as follows: |
|
|
(i)
|
Ideterminate
present
|
-Ų
|
(Trans,
Intrans)
|
|
|
(ii)
|
Definite
present
|
-tan
|
(Trans,
Intrans)
|
|
Present
|
(iii)
|
Indefinite
present
|
- jad
|
(Trans,
Intrans)
|
|
|
(iv)
|
Continuative
present
|
- akad
|
+ge(Trans)
|
|
|
|
|
akan
|
+ge
|
|
|
(v)
|
Simple
past
|
-ked
|
(Trans)
|
|
|
|
|
ken
|
(Intrans)
|
|
|
(vi)
|
Incomplete
past
|
-ken
|
(Trans)
|
|
Past
|
(vii)
|
Anterior
tense
|
- led
|
(Trans)
|
|
|
|
|
len
|
(Intrans)
|
|
|
(viii)
|
perfect
tense
|
-akad
|
(Trans)
|
|
|
|
|
akan
|
(Intrans)
|
|
|
(ix)
|
Indefinite
past
|
-jan
|
(Intrans)
|
|
|
| N.B. : With transitive/
jan/ is used in passive sense. |
| Future |
(x)
|
Simple
future
|
-Ų
|
(Trans
& Intrans)
|
|
(xi)
|
Anterior
future
|
-le
|
(Trans&Intrans)
|
|
|
| Hasada
Mundari frequently replaces aorist /ked/ and /ken/ by /ai/ which is
a contracted form of akedi (akedi>adi>ai) from Naguri. Apart
from the above, the particle/taiken/may be suffixed to all the completive
and non-completive aspects but before the copula/a/, to denote eight
imperfect tenses correspondingly. This particle transfers all the
past and present tenses to a past time and then assigns to them their
original implications. When the perfect/akan/and akad/ take the suffix/
taiken/, they include the meaning of imperfect of the indefinite past
in /jan/also. This limits the number of imperfects to eight in place
of nine and the total number of so called tenses becomes nineteen.
/taiken/ - tai ‘to stay’+ken ‘the marker for aorist’
so that the particle implies ‘used to be’ and is very frequent
in the narratives. |
| 2.4.2.5.
Morphophonemic changes: Before giving for other types of affixes,
specially the personal affixes, which exert a considerable influence
on the forms of aspects/tense markers, it is intended here to give
an account of the changes brought about in the affixes. However, it
may be assumed that the changes are not so much as to render them
unidentifiable. The processes employed are the following: |
| (i)
Introduction of vowel glides: |
|
/y/ betwen e-a, i-a, i-e and
i-o
|
| e.g., |
|
ked-e-ako
|
=
|
kedeyako
|
|
bai+a
|
=
|
baiya
|
|
ini+e
|
=
|
iniye
|
|
uni+o?
|
=
|
unyo?
|
|
|
|
also in positions o-o and a-a,
|
| as in |
|
ko+o
|
=
|
koyo
|
|
cika+a
|
=
|
cikaya
|
|
|
|
/w/ between o-a and u-a,
|
| as in |
|
hobao+a
|
=
|
hobawa
|
|
tuiu+a?
|
=
|
tuiuwa?
|
|
|
| (ii)
Elision: |
| When two morphemes
close, Mundari may lose either the preceding or the following vowel.
In addition to those given in § 2.2.1.1. |
|
raja+a?
|
=
|
raja?
|
ge+o o?
|
=
|
geo?
|
|
|
|
Some times the whole syllable is elisioned-
|
|
tuka+tada
|
=
|
tukada
|
|
lel+nam
|
=
|
lelam
|
|
meta+ked
|
=
|
metad
|
|
ta+ked
|
=
|
tad
|
|
|
