| of
them occur in loan words they are of exceptionally limited distribution. |
| The
consonantal y and w: |
| These two sounds
may constitute syllable margin and occcur even initially. In final
positions, however, as in Hindi they may be found as off-glides in
diphthongs like [ae] and [ao]. In words like [ya:d], [waļah]
and [gao] such occurrences are available in Munda speech also. |
| The intervocalic
non-syllabic [w] with nasalization preceding and following occurs
in [bćwć] ‘eyebrow’ and [nćwać] ‘new’. |
| Stops
in final positions: |
In a number
of situtatins, all such stops like p,t, ,k,c as well as their voiced counter-parts may occur even
finally in a word as in [pa:p] ‘sin’, [ļi:d]
‘to live’,[ha:]
‘market-place’ and so on. |
| [s] in final positions:
In words like [hćs] ‘goose’, [bisuwas]
‘faith’ the sound [s] also can be found to occur finally. |
| [h] in midial and
final positions: as in [sahar], [la:h] etc. |
The diphthong [a ]
This is primaily a foreign diphthong and occurs finally in a word
in Mundari. It is used in the process of Mundarization of infinitives
from Hindi by replacing the final [n ]
from Hindi verbs as in [laga] < [lagn],
[buļa] < [bujhn],
[sada]
< [satn]
and so on. |
| Also it occurs in
substantives like [ga] ‘a wound [ć] ‘place which are all loan words. |
| Conjuncts
and double consonants : |
| The doubling of stops
as in [kanpai]
is quite different from long consonants of Mundari. A few occurrences
like this can be cited in case of other stops also. |
As for the conjunct
consonants a number of foreign juztaposition may be heard, viz. [g ]
in [sagi]
‘a rudimantary cast’, [k] |
| in
[aka] ‘dancing
group’, [r]
in [cara]
‘bald-headed’, [g·]
in [pag·ul]
‘various kinds of figs and fleshy fruits’, [k]
in [sakuøi]
‘a stick or rod’ and so on. Some of these and the like have
been borrowed from Oraon and others from Sadani which in its own turn
might have borrowed from other dialects including non-Aryan. |
| 1.4.
Aspiratin as a redundant feature: |
| The Hasada dialect
of Mundari has no aspirated counterparts of voiced and unvoiced stops.
But aspirated sounds may be heard in free variation with the unaspirated
ones in words like [thaui], [theR], [thol],
[thalom] etc., where the aspirated pronunciatin depends
upon individual variatin and is an example of borrowed pronunciation.
Such sounds may occur in all the three positions. |
| The aspirated sounds
of loan words from Hindi are generally de-aspirated in the process
of Mundarization, but in actual speech both types of pronunciation
may be heard, e.g., [dukhu]~[duku], [chui]~[cui]
and so on. |
| Again, finally in
a word, the preglttalized sound may be replaced by strongly aspirated
release of the preceding vowel, which is a typical influence of Naguri
speech, as in [mehn] for [me?d] ‘eye’. |
| Since these words
with aspirated sounds do not occur in a regural and universal manner
they could not be classified into phonemes with limited distribution.
Their occurrence depends upon individual pronunciation, therefore
they are redundant. |
| No other sound like
spirants or liquids occurs in aspirated form in any position. |
| 1.5.
Nasalization: Non-phonemic and di-phnomic: |
| The
suprasegmental feature of nasalization occurs in Mundari in two contradictory
ways, one as redundant feature and the |
