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1.2.2.
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Vowels : |
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The features that are used in the analysis and
classification of vowels are -
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(1)
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The part of the tongue used in the
articulation. Here we get three points of articulation: Front, Central and
Back. |
(2)
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The height to which the articulator is
raised. It is necessary to set up only three heights for classification :
High, Mid and Low, since all other intermediate heights are predictable. |
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(3)
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The type of release : Oral and Nasalized. There are
other features which, however, are predictable. |
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(4)
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State of glottis : All vowels are
voiced.
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(5)
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Position of lips : Rounded and
Unrounded. The
front and the high central vowels are unrounded whereas the back and the
non-high central vowels are rounded.
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High |
Mid |
Low |
| FRONT (Unrounded) |
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Oral |
... |
i |
e |
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Nasalized |
... |
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ẽ |
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| CENTRAL - Unrounded |
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(Oral) |
... |
i |
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Rounded |
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Oral |
... |
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a |
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Nasalized |
... |
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ć |
| BACK (Rounded) |
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Oral |
... |
u |
o |
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Nasalized
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...
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õ
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| 1.2.3. |
Consonants: |
The analysis and classification of the consonants
involves the following features :
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(i)
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A seven-way division of the place of
articulation viz., bilabial ( BI), apicodental (AD), apicoalveolar (AA)
apicopalatal (AP), frontopalatal (FP), dorsovelar (DV), and glottal (GL).
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(ii)
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A seven-way division of the manner of
articulation, viz., stop, affricate, fricative, nasal, lateral, trill and
approximant.
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(iii)
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A two-way division of the state of vocal cords
viz., voiced and voiceless. This feature is an intraclass feature and the
contrast exists only for stops, affricates and fricatives. The others are
always voiced
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These features give rise to eighteen consonants
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BI |
AD |
AA |
AP |
FP |
DV |
GL |
| Stop : |
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| Voiceless |
p |
t |
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k |
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| Voiced |
b |
d |
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g |
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| Affricate : |
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| Voiceless |
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c |
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| Voiced |
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j |
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| Fricative : |
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| Voiceless |
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s |
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h |
| Voiced |
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z |
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| Nasal |
m |
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n |
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| Lateral |
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l |
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| Trill |
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r |
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| Approximant |
w |
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y |
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