/mąl / |
[mąl] |
`breadfruit’ |
/chõdą /
|
[chõdą]
|
`planet’ |
| /įr/ |
[?įr] |
`moth’ |
|
1.4.3.
|
Consonants : |
The allophonic variants of consonants fall under four
heads. The first three are the variants and the norms are listed under the
fourth. The environment is specified for the variants. The norms occur in
all environments other than those in which their variants occur.
|
1.4.3.1.
|
Devoicing and Non-release :
|
These two features go together. The order of the rules is
(i) the voiced stops are unreleased before a pause and (ii) the stops are
unreleased before a pause. This, in affect, gives rise to what is known as
`Neutralization’. That is, before a pause, both voiced stops and voiceless
stops share the same allophone, viz., the voiceless unreleased stop. What it
means is that the apposition `voiced vs. voiceless’ is neutralized before a
pause.
|
| /dyįp/ |
[dyįp’] |
`greengram’ |
| /mįbįp/ |
[mįbĮp’] |
`fox’ |
| /kąb/ |
[kąp’] |
`bulbul’ |
| /tarįb/ |
[tarĮp’] |
`creeper’ |
| /macįb/ |
[macĮp’] |
`cow’ |
| /tabįb/ |
[tabĮp’] |
`snake’ |
| /glebįb/ |
[glebĮp'] |
`duck' |
| /dįyk/ |
[dįyk’] |
`language’ |
| /paréyk/ |
[paréyk’] |
`frog’ |
| /sąg/ |
[sąk’] |
`nest’ |
| /hagrąyg/ |
[hagrąyk’] |
`flying-squirrel’ |
| /kwįg/ |
[kwįk’] |
`dog’ |
/kacy g/
|
[kack’]
|
`rat’
|
|
|
1.4.3.2.
|
Labialization :
|
The bilabial stops are labialized* before the vowels /e/ and /ẽ/.
|
| /pé/ |
[pwé ] |
`winnowing pan’ |
| |
|
|
/tap / |
[tapw] |
`meal’ |
| |
|
|
| /hįbč/ |
[hįbwč] |
`cripple’ |
| |
|
|
/bélā/
|
[bwélā.]
|
`metal plate’
|
|
1.4.3.3.
|
Lengthening : |
|
The velar nasal is lengthened when it occurs as the coda
of a syllable carrying a rising-falling tone. Here the length is in
complementation with the vowel length, i.e., the nasal is lengthened only
when the vowel remains short. It is not predictable, since there is only one
example in the language for this variant. However, the complementation can
be illustrated by an example.
|
* Ladefoged speaks of labialized bilabial consonants in his Preliminaries
to Linguistics Phonetics "Labial consonants, just like other consonants, can
have added lip-rounding which may be contrastive" (p.65).
|
