| 12a. |
a1
pfü2 cüko huni3
baji pongo4 he
no5 ki-we6 |
| |
my1
mother2 gets
up6 daily3
around5 5 o’clock4
|
|
|
|
b. |
{
a1 pfü-no2
} |
|
| |
{
} |
cükohuni3
ayi peno4 baji
pongo5 heno6
aku |
| |
{*a pfü } |
ho/ki-we
7 |
|
my1 mother2
makes me4 get up7
daily3 around6
5 o’clock5 Finally, ergativity
is realized in all tenses, not in the progressive aspect
and only in the indicative mood (?). In these above-elucidated
specifiable linguistic contexts, the Mao subject is marked
obligatorily for ergativity by no. Further, the
direct object of the (di)transitive verb and the subject
of the intrasitive verb do not constitute a unified category
throughout, as in classical ergative languages, for, in
crucial sentences like
|
|
445 |
ai (no)1
pfoyi2 ni3
he4 moko5
le6 |
| |
I1
will6 send5
her2 to4
you3 |
| |
|
|
446 |
pfota-no1
pfo2 he3
nieopüi-yi-sü4
mani-e5 |
| |
they1
showed5 him2,
3 the girl4
|
|
the animate direct object is marked by -yi and
the subject of intrasitive verbs is unmarked for subjecthood
in Mao.
|
| The subject may encode various
participant roles : agent (egs. 447 a-i), affectative (egs.
448 a-e), experience (egs. 449 a-g), existential (egs. 450
a-h), place (egs. 451 a-c) and time (egs. 452 a-d) |
agent
|
|
447 |
.a. |
pfo1
cükohuni2
hayi3 sho-we4
|
he1
drinks4 ricebeer3
daily2 |
|
|
b. |
tasoni1
ta-e2 |
Tasoni1
went away2 |
|
|
c. |
nili-no1
nisa-yi2 da pie3
|
Nili1
beat3 Nisa 2
|
|
|
d. |
pfo-hi1
ocü-na-hi2 osi3
(no) ye4 |
he1
built6 the house2
out of wood 3 |
| |
|
mahe-no5
so-e6 and4
grass5 |
|
|
|
e. |
a1
dzürie-o2 odzü
akhrü-o bu-e3
|
my1
elder brother2
is washing body |
| |
|
|
parts3
|
|
|
f. |
ata1
ophi2 no3
vu-e4 |
we (excl.prn.&
excl. prn.)1 came4
|
| |
|
|
on3
foot2 |
|
|
g. |
ai1
ovo so2 mo-e3 |
I1
did not3 work2
|
|
|
h. |
raho-nahi1
jal2 -lino3
zhi-e4 |
the bird1
flew4 out of
3 (the) nest2
|
| |
|
pra lo-ie |
|
|
affectative
|
| 448 |
a. |
iniu-li1
movuo2 thi-ie3 |
|
the village1
headman2 died3
|
|
|
b. |
süda1
aca-i-e2
|
|
(the) stick1
broke2 |
| |
|
|
{
-lino }3 |
|
|
|
c. |
ona pfoosü1
ocü pi 2 |
{
} |
adu kroie4
|
| |
|
|
{
-vano} |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
the boy1
fell4 from 3
the |
roof top2
|
|
|
Experiencer
|
| 449 |
.a. |
pfo1
tsüpfü-e2 |
he1
is proud, brassy 2
|
|
|
b. |
saleo1
ole mazhi-i-e2
|
Saleo1
is sad2 |
|
|
c. |
takhra-sü1
carü-i-e2 |
Takhra 1
is thirsty2 |
|
|
d. |
henia-sü1
mozü-i-e2
|
Henia1
is hungry2 |
|
|
e. |
loli1
loliayi2 mari-e3 |
Loli1
resembles3 Lolia2
|
|
|
f. |
manini 1
mikrüla2 sü-we3 |
Manini1
knows3 Manipuri2
|
|
|
g. |
ai1
cühu-no-i2
momu-we3 |
I1
remember3 the
day2 |
|
Existential
|
| 450
|
a. |
pfo1
mamüi / onga zhü-e2
|
he1
is handsome2
|
|
|
b. |
iniu-na-hi1
i-e2
|
ana3
mohiu-e4the
village1 is small2
but3 clean4
|
|
|
c. |
pfo1
ohrü zhü-e2 |
ye3
osa dzü-e4
she1 is fat2
and3 short4
|
|
|
d. |
piko1
ohrü shü-e2 |
(the) knife1
is blunt2 |
|
|
e. |
okhro1
ohrü zhü-e2 |
(the) dao1
is sharp2 |
|
|
f. |
atamüi1
imemüi-ko-e2
|
we (excl. prn. &
excl. pl.)1 (are) |
| |
|
|
Maos2
|
|
|
g. |
hihi1
larücü-ko-e2
|
this1
is (a) school 2 |
|
|
h. |
pfo-i1
cüvemüi-ko-e 2
|
he1
is (a) thief 2 |
|
Place
|
| 451 |
a. |
robvemüicü1
jü-e2 |
Punanamai1
is big2 |
| |
b. |
cobohõmüicü1
ihõ zhü-e2 |
Choynum1
is picturesque2 |
| |
c.
|
ata-zhü1
iniu2 kati3
-ko-e4
|
ours (excl.
pl. & excl. prn.)1
(is) a |
|
