/lú ái/ |
‘sad’ |
/lúái-ìn/ |
‘sadly’ |
| /hlím/ |
‘glad’ |
/hlím-ín/ |
‘gladly’ |
| /lúsén/ |
‘angry’ |
/lúsén-ìn/ |
‘angrily’ |
| /násé:t-ùm/ |
‘noisy’ |
/násé:tùm-ìn/ |
‘noisily’ |
/tóu  k/ |
‘silent’ |
/tóuk-ìn/ |
‘silently’ |
| /zá:idám/ |
‘gentle’ |
/zá:idám-ìn/ |
‘gently’ |
| /ìnhlíem/ |
‘injure’ |
/ìnhlíem-ìn/ |
‘injured’ |
| /ìnfíem/ |
‘play’ |
/ìnfíem-ìn/ |
‘playfully’ |
| /fíemthú/ |
‘joking’ |
/fíemthú-ìn/ |
‘jokingly’ |
| |
|
|
|
| Post
position: |
/tákìn/ |
|
|
| /hrát/ |
‘speed’ |
/hrát
tàkìn/ |
‘speedily,
fast’ |
| /ìnrá/ |
‘quick’ |
/ìnrá
tàkìn/ |
‘quickly’ |
| /ìhà/ |
‘good' |
/há
tákìn/ |
‘nicely’ |
| /fél/ |
‘neat’ |
/fél
tàkìn/ |
‘neatly’ |
| /hánó/ |
‘bad’ |
/hánó
tàkìn/ |
‘badly’ |
| /ríùm/ |
‘honest’ |
/ríúm
tàkìn/ |
‘honestly’ |
| /tlá/ |
‘frank’ |
/tlá
tàkìn/ |
‘frankly’ |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 3.5.3 |
Class-maintaining
Derivation |
|
Although
not very productive, Hmar possesses instances of class-maintaining
derivations too. Of these, the verbal group, i.e. the
derivation of complex verb roots from some simple verb
roots is much more significant. Listed below, with adequate
illustrations, are some sub-types of class-maintaining
derivations. |
| 3.5.3.1 |
Derivation
of Nouns from Nouns |
|
Generally
abstract nouns could be derived from class nouns. Here
the morphological process involved is suffixation. |
| {-na} |
|
|
|
| /náup/ |
‘child’ |
/náupá-nà/ |
‘an
activity which
is
childish’ |
| /rúoláhá/ |
‘friend' |
/rúolhá-tnà/ |
‘friendliness’ |
| /tlàt/ |
‘grazing’ |
/tlàt-ná/ |
‘grazing
field’ |
| |
|
|
|
|
The
appearence of /t/ before the suffix {-na} is a notable
morpho-phonemic change for roots ending in -a. |
| {-lái} |
|
|
|
| /náupá/ |
‘child’ |
/náupá-lài/ |
‘childhood’ |
| /ìnrá:i/ |
‘pregnant’ |
/ìnrá:i-lái/ |
‘pregnancy’ |
| |
|
|
|
| {-tú} |
|
|
|
This
forms agent nouns as under:
|
| /lóuànèi/ |
‘farm’ |
/lóunèi-tú/ |
‘farmer’ |
| |
|
|
|
| {-pú} |
|
|
|
| /hùon/ |
‘garden’ |
/hùon-pú/ |
‘gerdener’ |
| /bèrà:m/ |
‘sheep’ |
/bèrà:m-pú/ |
‘shephered’ |
| |
|
|
|
|
| 3.5.3.2 |
Derivation
of Adverbs from Adverbs |
|
Some
adverbs which themselves are derived from some adjectives
could undergo further derivation to form new adverbs.
If the simple adverbs and considered primary dervatives
the affixes used to form secondary derivatives would
look like infixes. In fact, it is a case of employment
of a sequence of suffixes. For example, |
| {-thlú:k-} |
|
|
| /ún-tàkìn/‘deligently’ |
/ún-thlú:ktàkìn/ |
‘very
deligently’ |
| |
|
|
| {-dèu-} |
|
|
| /há-tákìn/‘well’ |
/há-déu-tàkin/ |
‘very
well’ |
| |
|
|
|
| 3.5.3.3 |
Derivation
of Verbs from Verbs |
|
Like
many other Indo Aryan languages, Hmar derives some secondary
verb roots from some primary verb roots. Generally,
the causative verb roots are so derived (see sec. 3.3.1).
The morphological process involved here is a combination
of both suffixation and prefixation. |
