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Grammatical Categories
 

Pronouns exhibit the grammatical categories such as person, number, gender and case as follows:
 

Person: There are three persons denoted by the pronouns. First person pronouns mark the speaker, when the hearer and / or the other persons included then the first person plural is used.
 

Second person marks the person spoken to or addressed and here the person addressed is present.
 

Third person marks the person spoken about, thus all the nouns also fall in the third person.
 

Number: Besides the distinction of person, all the pronouns mark the distinction of two numbers : singular and plural.
 

Case : In the language various case relationships are marked by the use of various postpositions which occur after the oblique forms (see 3.1.3. for details). In certain pronouns like first person and second person, case marking postpositions are suffixed tightly. So they are listed in direct, regative, accusative and genitive. All other pronouns except indefinite human have two inflected case forms direct and oblique. Indefinite human pronouns are also inflected for vacative.
 

Gender: All the third person pronouns except (the relative and interrogative) mark the distinction of gender in its direct singular form. Besides indefinite human pronouns have two forms one for masculine
 

gender and another for feminine gender inflecting like nouns/gero/ ‘boy’ and /geri/ ‘girl’ respectively.
 

All the third person pronouns except (indefinite human pronouns) also function as adjectival and show the deictic relation.
 

Following are the Pronoun Forms
 

First 

Person  Sg.  Pl.

‘I’

 Direct 

hũ  

hm

Ergative 

m 

hm

 

 

Accusative 

mInna 

hma

{mas.d.pl.

mera 

màra

 {mas.obl.sg.

mera  màra

{mas.obl.pl. 

mera 

màra

{mas.d.sg.

mero 

màro

Genitive 

{fem.d.sg. 

meri 

màri

{fem.d.pl. 

meri 

màrà

{fem.obl.sg. 

meri 

màri

{fem.obl.pl. 

merIyã 

màrIyã


Examples showing the use of first person pronouns.
 

hũ 

y 

k

krũ  go/ 

krũ  gi  ‘I  (male/ female)  shall  do  this  work’

1

 2  3  4(mas.)  5(fem.)  3

hm

k

jãga/

jãgĩ 

‘We 

(male/female) 

shall  go  home’

3      4  2

m  

y  

k

kIyo 

‘I 

did 

this 

work’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

 
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