An
action to be performed in the distant future in reference to the
speech act is said to be non-proximal future. The non-proximal future
is marked by ‘ci’.
o
luci.
‘I will say’
I say-f.t.
m
kill
‘he/she will kill’
he/she kill-f.t.
m
inci.
‘he/she will go’
he/she go-f.t.
Proximal
Future : An action to be started in the proximate future
in reference to the speech act is said to be proximal future. ‘lyi’
is the marker for indicating the proximal future.
o
lulyi
‘I will say’
I say-p.f.
m
mlyi
‘she/he will go’
he do-p.f.
m
ilyi.
‘he/she will go’
she/he go-p.f.
Aspect
: Aspect denotes the manner in which the action identified by
the verb is regarded or experienced.
Progressive
: The durative nature or continuity of an action is said
to be progressive aspect. This may be either past or future. ‘do’
is added along with the tense marker to indicate the progressive
aspect.
ludo
‘was talking (proximal)’
lulyido
‘will be talking (proximal)’
lunedo
‘was talking (non-proximal)’
bicido
‘will be giving (non-proximal)’
mdo
‘was doing (proximal)’
Perfect
: An action that is completed is regarded as perfect aspect.
‘ku’ is added alongwith the tense marker.
luneku
‘has said (non-proximal)’
biku
‘has given (proximal)’
mku
‘has done (proximal)’
Completive
: When the objective of an action is completed, it is regarded
as a completive aspect. This refers to the object of the action.
For example, when the subject decides to read a book and when he
finishes the reading of the entire book, it is deemed as a case
of completive aspect. ‘ja’ is added to the verb to indicate the
completive aspect.
o
luci.
kill 
lyi
