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| Action verbs
may be ditransitive, transitive or intrasitive depending on
whether they take, two objects, one object or none. Action
verbs-transitive or intransitive-may be further divided into
motion verbs which include tough movement verbs, communication
verbs and others. |
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ACTION VERB |
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| Process
verbs or Inchoative verbs denote typically change of state or
condition. They are intrantive and unlike the action verbs
answer the question ‘what happened to x ?’ |
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 i
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‘to die’ |
| z
|
‘melt(intr.)’ |
to
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‘burn(intr.)’ |
mh
|
‘go out(as fire)’ |
| t
|
‘break or give way (as rope) (intr.)’ |
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| Action
Process Verbs entail an action verb and a process verb in a
single lexical realisation: As a process it involves a change in
the condition of the object and as an action it expresses what
someone does. They are, then, necessarily transitive verbs with
Agents or Executors as their subjects except in sentences which
have passive meaning (structurally, there is no active-passive
dichotomy in Angami) where the object is the surface subject. |
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Action-process verbs may be included-object verbs or
included-object included-instrument verbs or included-instrument
verbs or included-subject verbs or included-subject
included-instrument verbs. |
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_____________ |
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11By an included-x verb ismeant a verb
which has x as part of its semantics. An included-object verb,
for instance, is a semantically transitive verb. although it may
take an object syntactically (but redundantly) also. |
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Included-object verbs- |
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mrhu
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‘to cut branches’ |
d
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‘to cut grass’ |
thi
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‘to dig a grave’ |
d
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‘to dig (as for terrace field)’ |
h
|
‘to dig pond, well’ |
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Included-instrument verbs- |
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| npmh
|
‘to extinguish with clothes’ |
v pmh
|
‘to extinguish by hitting with tree leaves
etc.’ |
| mhpmh
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‘to extinguish by mouth-blowing’ |
phipz
|
‘to melt in the sun’ |
| hopz
|
‘to melt near the fire’ |
ch pz
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‘to melt in a container on the fire’ |
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Included-object included-Instrument verbs- |
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| b
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‘to cut hair with scissors’ |
| d
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‘to cut hair with dao/knife’ |
g
|
‘to cut wood with saw’ |
| r
|
‘to cut wood with dao’ |
| citsh
|
‘to fell tree with hands’ |
| dtsh
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‘to cut tree with big implements like dao’ |
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Included-subject verbs- |
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mk
|
‘to bite (as dog)’ |
md
|
‘to bite (as snake or bird)’ |
| t
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‘to bite (as man)’ |
| li
|
‘to marry (subject: masc. sg.)’ |
 h
|
‘to marry (subject : fem. sg.)’ |
kr
|
‘to marry (subject : du. or pl.)’ |
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Included-subject included -instrument verbs- |
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| dkhr
|
‘human beings killing others with sword/log
of wood’ |
| pkhr
|
‘human beings killing other by shooting’ |
| g
|
‘human beings killing other by spear’ |
| chkr
|
‘human beings killing others by strangling’ |
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s
