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In case of first and second personal pronouns the genitive forms na:wa:, ni:wa:, ma:wa: and mi:wa: freely vary with the forms na:-, ni:-, ma:- and mi:- respectively.
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| Examples: |
| na:wa: lo:n |
‘my house’ |
| na: lo:n |
| ni:wa: tappe: |
‘your (sg.) father’ |
| ni: tappe: |
| ma:wa:ka:ge:t |
‘our book’ |
| ma: ka:ge:t |
| mi:wa: na:r |
‘your (pl.) village’ |
| mi: na:r |
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| 4.9.4. Locative-Instrumental Suffix ‘-e’ |
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Locative case is formed by the addition of the locative suffix -e: to the oblique suffix -t in case of singular nouns and to the oblique suffix -n in case of plural nouns. The meaning conveyed is ‘in, on, into, onto, towards’, etc. The locative suffix is also used to give the meaning ‘by’, ‘by means of’, ‘with’, etc., which is the meaning of the instrumental case. Hence, this suffix is named locative-instrumental. Locative instrumental indicates the location of the action in space or time or the source or object by means of which an action is performed indicated by the verb.
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| narka:-t-e: |
‘in the night’ |
| ond le:nj-t-e: |
‘in a month’ |
ren diya:-t-e: |
‘in two days’ |
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The above examples denote the location in time dimention for the occurence of an action.
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The following examples indicate the location in space dimension for the occurrence of an action.
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na:- -e: |
‘in/into/upto/towards the village’ |
| suwa:-t-e: |
‘in/into the well’ |
o: k-n-e: |
‘in/upto the fields’ |
| mara:k-n-e: |
‘in/on/upto the trees’ |
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The following examples give the meaning of the instrumentality:
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| kalam-t-e: kointor |
‘he writes with a pen’ |
| ga:a:-t-e: wa:to:m |
‘we came by cart’ |
| kank-n-e: huitoro:m |
‘we see by eyes’ |
nu:ka: -n-t-e: ga:o: aa: |
‘she cooked food with rice’ |
| nu:-t-e: ney pe:sinta: |
‘oil comes from ‘sesame’ |
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In the last two examples, the nouns nu:ka: ‘rice’ and nu: ‘sesame’ indicate the source. With the source the instrumental is mostly associated with verbs such as, cook, make, prepare, etc.
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